These projects were based on the waterfall model of software development which was the prevalent software development process in 1981. The study examined projects ranging in size from 2,000 to 100,000 lines of code, and programming languages ranging from assembly to PL/I. It drew on a study of 63 projects at TRW Aerospace where Boehm was Director of Software Research and Technology. It was first published in Boehm's 1981 book Software Engineering Economics as a model for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. The model uses a basic regression formula with parameters that are derived from historical project data and current as well as future project characteristics. The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is an algorithmic software cost estimation model developed by Barry W.
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